The aim of this text is to develop an epistemological-technique approach which permit analyze the work of Juan Downey, and his use of technical medias and also include the struggle against the State in the political and cultural model of the primitive societies of the Yano- mani, particularly by the work of Pierre Clastres and Jacques Lizot, and also their point of view of the methods of production in the societies of abundance, as theorized the anthropologist Marshall Sahlins, considering these (...) anthropological paradigms as a medium to understand the mediatic interaction and the technique development in the works of Juan Downey. (shrink)

The aim of this text is to develop an epistemological-technique approach which permit analyze the work of Juan Downey, and his use of technical medias and also include the struggle against the State in the political and cultural model of the primitive societies of the Yano- mani, particularly by the work of Pierre Clastres and Jacques Lizot, and also their point of view of the methods of production in the societies of abundance, as theorized the anthropologist Marshall Sahlins, considering these (...) anthropological paradigms as a medium to understand the mediatic interaction and the technique development in the works of Juan Downey. (shrink)

In previous works, we presented a modification of the usual possible world semantics by introducing an independent temporal structure in each world and using accessibility functions to represent the relation among them. Different properties ofthe accessibility functions have been considered and axiomatic systems which define these properties have been given. Only a few ofthese systems have been proved tobe complete. The aim ofthis paper is to make a progress in the study ofcompleteness for functional systems. For this end, we use (...) indexes as names for temporal flows and give new proofs of completeness. Specifically, we focus our attention on the system which defines injectivity, because the system which defines this property without using indexes was proved to be incomplete in previous works. The only system considered which remains incomplete is the one which defines surjectivity, even ifwe consider a sequence ofnatural extensions ofthe previous one. (shrink)

Fear to contamination is an easy-to-provoke, intense, hard-to-control, and extraordinarily persistent fear. A worsening of preexisting psychiatric disorders was observed during the COVID-19 outbreak, and several studies suggest that those with obsessive–compulsive disorder may be more affected than any other group of people. In the face of worsening OCD symptoms, there is a need for mental health professionals to provide the support needed not only to treat patients who still report symptoms, but also to improve relapse prevention. In this line, (...) it is recommended to improve alternative strategies such as online consultations and digital psychiatry. The aim of this study is to develop augmented reality stimuli that are clinically relevant for patients with cleaning OCD and assess their efficiency to obtain emotionally significant responses. Four AR stimuli were developed: a plastic bag full of garbage, a piece of bread with mold, a dirty sports shoe, and a piece of rotten meat. All stimuli were shown to a clinical group and a control group. Relevant results were the design of the AR stimuli. These stimuli were validated with the statistical difference in perceived anxiety in the meat stimuli between the clinical and control groups. Nevertheless, when looking at effect sizes, all stimuli present effect sizes from small to large, with both shoe and bread between small and medium effect sizes. These results are a valuable support for the clinical use of these AR stimuli in the treatment of cleaning OCD. (shrink)

Embracing an inter-disciplinary approach grounded on Gärdenfors’ theory of conceptual spaces, we introduce a formal framework to analyse and compare selected theories about technical artefacts present in the literature. Our focus is on design-oriented approaches where both designing and manufacturing activities play a crucial role. Intentional theories, like Kroes’ dual nature thesis, are able to solve disparate problems concerning artefacts but they face both the philosophical challenge of clarifying the ontological nature of intentional properties, and the empirical challenge of testing (...) the attribution of such intentional properties to artefacts. To avoid these issues, we propose an approach that, by identifying different modalities to characterise artefact types, does not commit to intentional qualities and is able to empirically ground compliance tests. (shrink)

In most European countries, the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic led to the imposition of physical distancing rules, resulting in a drastic and sudden reduction of real-life social interactions. Even people not directly affected by the virus itself were impacted in their physical and/or mental health, as well as in their financial security, by governmental lockdown measures. We investigated whether the combination of these events had changed people's appraisal of social scenes by testing 241 participants recruited mainly in Italy, (...) Austria, and Germany in an online, preregistered study conducted about 50 days after the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak in Europe. Images depicting individuals alone, in small groups, and in large groups were rated in terms of valence, arousal, and perceived physical distance. Pre-pandemic normative ratings were obtained from a validated database. Several self-report measures were also taken, and condensed into four factors through factor analysis. All images were rated as more arousing compared to the pre-pandemic period, and the greater the decrease in real-life physical interactions reported by participants, the higher the ratings of arousal. As expected, only images depicting large gatherings of people were rated less positively during, compared to before, the pandemic. These ratings of valence were, however, moderated by a factor that included participants' number of days in isolation, relationship closeness, and perceived COVID-19 threat. Higher scores on this factor were associated with more positive ratings of images of individuals alone and in small groups, suggesting an increased appreciation of safer social situations, such as intimate and small-group contacts. The same factor was inversely related to the perceived physical distance between individuals in images of small and large groups, suggesting an impact of lockdown measures and contagion-related worries on the representation of interpersonal space. These findings point to rapid and compelling psychological and social consequences of the lockdown measures imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic on the perception of social groups. Further studies should assess the long-term impact of such events as typical everyday life is restored. (shrink)

In this paper we suggest that differing approaches to the science of social cognition mirror the arguments between radical embodied and traditional approaches to cognition. We contrast the use in social cognition of theoretical inference and mental simulation mechanisms with approaches emphasizing a direct perception of others’ mental states. We build from a recent integrative framework unifying these divergent perspectives through the use of dual-process theory and supporting social neuroscience research. Our elaboration considers two complementary notions of direct perception: one (...) primarily stemming from ecological psychology and the other from enactive cognition theory. We use this as the foundation from which to offer an account of the informational basis for social information and assert a set of research propositions to further the science of social cognition. In doing so, we point out how perception of the minds of others can be supported in some cases by lawful information, supporting direct perception of social affordances and perhaps, mental states, and in other cases by cues that support indirect perceptual inference. Our goal is to extend accounts of social cognition by integrating advances across disciplines to provide a multi-level and multi-theoretic description that can advance this field and offer a means through which to reconcile radical embodied and traditional approaches to cognitive neuroscience. (shrink)

En la actualidad, la humanidad asiste a una nueva civilización, la científico-tecnológica, de gran impacto y preocupación en la sociedad a causa de su evolución y sus implicaciones axiológicas. Así las cosas, este artículo tiene el objetivo de explicar la relevancia de la filosofía de la tecnología para el mundo de la vida, que se debate entre las incertidumbres generadas por el advenimiento de un mundo artificial, y el “abandono” de un mundo natural. Para tal efecto, se reconocen como fundamentales (...) los posibles encuentros y desencuentros entre la tecnología y la ciencia y sus implicaciones tanto en el mundo natural como en el artificial, desde la perspectiva de la tecnociencia. Para finalmente concluir que la especie humana, afincada en la ciencia y la tecnología ha transformado el mundo natural en un mundo artificial que podría llegar a ser considerado, probablemente, una segunda “naturaleza”. (shrink)

The literary genesis of Einbahnstraße by Walter Benjamin represents a very special case of the use of the procedures of surrealism in the philosophical-literary production of the author. The process of evolution of thinking that ended up in the writing of this piece is unveiled throughout the present analysis. This is a sign of both waiver and restart; the opening for a new productive dimension in the career of one of the most important —and misunderstood— philosophers of the 20th century. (...) More than enlightening a small master piece of philosophy from a literary perspective, or analyzing a small master piece of literature from the philosophy, what is being problematized here is the division, cultivated or figured throughout the years, between both disciplines. This work is intended to recover what is insoluble from the philosophical-literary labor of Walter Benjamin, besides tracing a possible reconfiguration for an interdisciplinary field of work to come up and contribute in the understanding of the problem called The Retreat of Metaphor by Jacques Derrida. (shrink)

Es necesario establecer entornos sociales para la protección de la prensa en contextos de violencia centrada en los periodistas. En estos entornos interactúan tres esferas: la política institucional, la de justicia y la civil. México es una de las naciones con más agresiones a periodistas, lo que obliga a considerar las formas de ofrecer protección a la prensa.

Considerando la definición viquiana de "ingenio", se analizan las relaciones entre necesidad, ingenio, lenguaje metafórico y poesía religiosa en la retórica ingeniosa española antes de Vico. Se replantea con ello la capacidad primordial del lenguaje metafórico y el valor propio del filosofar ingenioso frente al saber racional y deductivo, interpretando el ingenio en su justa apreciación humanista de función originaria en la constitución del mundo humano y la historia, del lenguaje y el saber retórico-filosófico.Considering Vico's definition of ingenium, the relationship (...) between necessity, ingenium, metaphor, and religious poetry is analyzed in the ingenious Spanish rhetoric of before Vico. The primordial capacity of metaphor is raised again, along with the real value of the ingenious philosophizing in the face of rational and deductive knowledge, interpreting ingenium through the humanist appreciation of original function in the make-up of the human world and history, of language and rhetorical-philosophical knowledge. (shrink)

El 30 de julio de 1916 se eligieron los representantes para la Convención encargada de elaborar la segunda constitución uruguaya que fijó las reglas de la naciente democracia. En esta elección se utilizaron por primera vez el voto secreto y una versión inédita de representación proporcional. Para explicar por qué se usaron esas reglas y no otras, se utiliza la teoría de los órdenes sociales de Emanuel Adler. Las nuevas reglas recogen en el plano institucional la evolución cognitiva de caudillos (...) y doctores, los protagonistas centrales de la comunidad de práctica democrática uruguaya. Los caudillos fueron aprendiendo en la práctica, por ensayo y error, a competir por el poder pero también a pactar. Los doctores, a partir de esas prácticas pero también de las teorías que circulaban en la época, aportaron el conocimiento reflexivo que recogieron las nuevas normas. De todos modos, no es posible comprender la trayectoria doméstica sin tomar en cuenta la influencia de procesos exógenos. La Convención de Buenos Aires y la Ley Sáenz-Peña tuvieron un impacto profundo en Uruguay. (shrink)

conceito de fenomeno (Erscheinung) cumpre um papel fundamental na filosofia de Kant. Na Critica da Razáo Pura', constitui a chave que abre todas as portas da filosofia transcendental e as fecha à metafisica tradicional. Isto parece ser urn ponto pacifico para os kantianos e para muitos outros o que, contudo, tem gerado urna ampla polemica é o estatuto de legitimidade deste conceito, sobretudo em funçao de suas implicações. 0 presente texto pretende elucidar algumas dessas implicações à luz dos argumentos de (...) Kant e de objeções que foram levantadas por filosofos e interpretes desde a epoca do Idealismo a Alemáo .Meu intuito é o de evidenciar urn problema. Sugiro que o conceito implica urn paradoxo, mas que este nada se deve imputar a um erro de Kant, e sim a uma dificuldade essencial a todo discurso teorico do ponto de vista de sua fundamentaçáo. (shrink)

Contra el privilegio de la problemática del conocimiento en la interpretación de la Crítica de la Razón Pura, el autor destaca la problemática de la metafisica como motivo principal de su concepción. La metafisica produce antinomias, y si la razón pura se atiene solamente al principio de razón suficiente, incurre en un conflicto de leyes. Según esta lectura, la dialéctica trascendental, y dentro de ésta la parte de las antinomias, representa el núcleo de la preocupación kantiana por resolver en la (...) revisión de la metafzsica el destino de la filosofia. (shrink)

The purpose of this research paper is to do reflection on the importance of the preservation of the justice in the peace talks in Colombia for that serve the construction a better country and a better society of the post-conflict. To achieve it is necessary to revise the justice concepts of redress of Adam Smith and associate it with the concept of utilitarianism of John Stuart Mill as search for the general happiness. The investigation go to do a traceability exhaustive (...) of the Peace Accords in Colombia to compare them with those achieved by other societies of the post-conflict in two countries in Europe and one from Latin America. The research conclude in the need of a peace agreement respectful of the right victims and territories affected by the armed conflict. An agreement to reduce as far as possible the not social satisfactions about Colombian political and justice institutions in the future. (shrink)

The notion of emergence has accompanied philosophy of science since the late XIX century, claiming that in some systems there are properties in certain levels that cannot be deduced from properties of their components as seen in more fundamental levels. Throughout the XX century, emergence has been characterized by four pillars: unpredictability, novelty, restriction and downward causation. These four pillars have been related to the assumption of a hierarchical order of reality in different levels of organization. In this paper, we (...) show that it is possible to explain the nature of the emergent properties through the nearly-decomposability criterion introduced by Herbert Simon. (shrink)

Why do Humean eyes matter? The subject of David Hume’s eyes and face leads us into some unexpected curiosities connected with events in his life and written works. We outline the scholars’ propensity to describe the face of their favourite philosopher and spread upon it their personal reading of his life and writings. We ask questions about portraits, their resemblance to the original as a standard of beauty. We survey eighteenth-century physiognomy, and the humourous paradox of the “fat philosopher,” both (...) clumsy and refined. We inquire into Hume’s use of physiognomy, his views on corpulence and his own vacant look. We observe the role of Ramsay’s portraits in the 1766 dispute between Rousseau and Hume. We outline the role the eyes play in the body of his written work. We finally recall that the picture which he deemed the “best likeness” has now disappeared. Yet, there remains something still engraved. (shrink)

En este estudio intentamos aportar una clarificación sobre la constitución del objeto estético a partir de un análisis de dicho objeto en general (basado en las investigaciones fenomenológicas de R. Ingarden). Luego, indagamos cómo ocurre esta constitución en el caso concreto de La Tierra Baldía con toda su riqueza poética y sus valores estéticos. Particularmente, investigamos cómo es dado concretamente a nuestra conciencia el fenómeno estético de esta obra de arte literaria.

En este paper examinamos la idea de la solidaridad como aquella actitud que consiste en la determinación firme en empeñarse por el bien común. Para lograr nuestro cometido analizamos el camino de profundización en los conceptos de solidaridad y bien común que la tradición fenomenológica nos muestra. En este caso particular analizamos a Karol Wojtyla �y en un cierto sentido a Juan Pablo II, quien, no obstante, en cuanto pontífice habla desde otra sede, la de Pedro�. Sin embargo, pensamos que (...) no hay discontinuidad en su pensamiento y el método fenomenológico, en cuanto método, tampoco está ausente de las reflexiones del pontífice, aunque la primacía aquí sea teológica y no filosófica. (shrink)

Aunque las contribuciones de Patrick Suppes en el ámbito de la lógica, la metodología y la losofía de la economía (por no mencionar a la propia economía) hayan sido importantes, los metodólogos de la economía apenas las conocen. El propósito de este artículo es cubrir este vacío. Presentaremos su concepción general de la losofía de la ciencia y analizaremos después con detalle su noción de modelos de datos, surgida de sus famosos experimentos sobre aprendizaje. Discutiremos también su concepción de la (...) medición fundamental en relación con tales experimentos. El artículo incluye además una amplia bibliografía de los trabajos de Suppes sobre el tema. (shrink)

Herman Dooyeweerd ( 1985 ) argued that among the modalities making up the fabric of reality a specifically economic one is to be found. The aim of the present paper is to discuss the texture of such a modality and how it both differentiates and intertwines with others. For an updated brief, albeit cogent and analytically lucid presentation of the Law Framework ontology, see Clouser ( 2009 ). Dooyeweerd’s view entails that the proper object of economics is irreducible to that (...) of other disciplines, but a non-reductionist view of the object of economics presupposes that the nuclear meaning of that discipline has been clearly delimited: this is required in order to determine its nature and separate identity as a scientific discipline. By ‘the nuclear meaning of a discipline’ I understand a pre-theoretical delimitation of its field of research, such as that of the field of physics, characterized by the laws governing force and energy. Within one and the same field there may be many theories, theories competing to explain the same phenomena, or dealing with phenomena so different that it is nearly impossible to trace conceptual connections among them. This last situation calls for a unified-field theory. In the second section of this paper I will attempt to defend a rather commonly accepted definition of the field of economics that sees this discipline as a science of choice. In the third I will show how the analytical conception it involves can be naturally complemented with a classificatory one. According to a classificatory conception, the aggregated social-level phenomena, patterns and regularities economic theories usually deal with, are economic in that sense, even though they are not prima facie cases of individual behavior, or are unintended consequences of aggregated individual choices. In the fourth I will discuss the meaning of the most general, supra-arbitrary economic laws—the modal laws of economics. In the final section I will offer a non-reductionist view of economics that nevertheless takes into account its intertwining with other spheres. (shrink)

The aim of the dissertation is to show that the logical foundations of the Marxian Theory of Value are reasonably sound. The first chapter presents a concise history of MTV and formulates in a detailed way the problem of foundations in MTV. This is the problem of proving the existence of labor-values in a general economy in which joint products, alternative techniques, and heterogeneous labor are allowed. ;In the second chapter the problem is tackled through the demonstration that there is (...) a measurement of abstract labor in such general systems, where abstract labor is understood as a binary relation over the set of labor expenditures induced by a system of prices, in a commodity economy, that satisfies certain properties. It is also shown that whenever the rate of profit is uniform the price system satisfies such properties. ;Using the results of the second chapter, in the last chapter an axiomatization of MTV is provided and two of the most typical models of MTV are reconstructed in terms of abstract labor in a very detailed way. The first of these is the classical Leontief model and the second one is a more general model due to John K. Roemer. The conclusion of the dissertation is that the foundations of MTV are as sound as those of Neo-classical Economics. (shrink)

Bits and pieces of a fragile, fragmented discourse. Messages that traveled from cell to cell, cellblock to cellblock, even from one prison to another. Scrupulously and copiously analyzed, discussed and, on occasion, transformed during recreation periods and family visits, they were capable of inspiring both hope and fear, depending on the circumstances. But most importantly they were vehicles - spontaneous, improvised vehicles - for combating misinformation and uncertainty. Political prisoners had a name for them: bembas. Often the sole topic of (...) conversation and argument among political prisoners, bembas always elicited a broad array of opinions and reactions: skepticism, blind faith, humor, meticulous examination, scorn and, most often, expectant, painstaking analysis. (shrink)

En este artículo se discuten las críticas de John Dupré contra la unidad metodológica de la ciencia. Como se sabe, a partir de la premisa del desorden de las cosas, Dupré rechaza tanto las versiones fuertes como las variantes débiles de unificación, pero construye sus mejores argumentos contra las últimas a partir de la tesis de que no hay una solución satisfactoria del problema de la demarcación. Tras exponer los argumentos de Dupré en favor de la implausibilidad de cualquier formulación (...) débil de la tesis de la unidad de la ciencia (incluyendo aquellas que se enfocan en la unidad metodológica), explicaré su formulación del problema de la demarcación, examinaré su caracterización de la teoría de la falsabilidad de Popper y responderé a sus argumentos en contra de la posición de Popper sobre la cientificidad. Mis argumentos mostrarán la inadecuación del tratamiento que da Dupré a este problema y señalarán una ruta para mostrar que la solución de Popper al problema de la demarcación, por medio del criterio de falsabilidad, permite defender una forma no reduccionista de la unidad de la ciencia. (shrink)

In this paper we deal with a classical question of western philosophy: Is it possible to know that there are things which do not exist? We begin with a brief analysis of some fragments of Parmenides, and later we study whether these arguments are valid using three kinds of epistemic logic: a classical style epistemic logic, where axiom holds, a free epistemic logic, where this axiom does not hold, and finally, we study Lenzen's proposal of using two kinds of quantifiers: (...) possibilistic and realistic quantifiers. We conclude that the last last one is the closest to our intuition and a good way to deal with this kind of problem. (shrink)

This article consists of three parts. The first explores the relation between paradox, de-paradoxication, and time, which I hold to be a relatively unattended yet very important tandem of concepts in Luhmann's work (Luhmann, 1993, 1995; Rasch, 2000). The second part will try to theoretically think through (de-paradoxicalize) a conundrum of present time: globalization and its opponents. In the third and last part, I briefly explore the paradox of conscious evolution, taking into account the specifics of the relations between social (...) systems of communication and individual psychic systems in Luhmann's theory. (shrink)

La carta Placuit Deo es un documento preciso e iluminador para presentar una comprensión cristiana de la salvación. Se destacan sólo algunos aspectos, pero se explican en un conjunto que ofrece el esquema fundamental para una soteriología. En el documento aparecen contenidos básicos y criterios orientativos para una reflexión sobre la salvación.

La iniciación cristiana implica la conversión del hombre a Cristo. Los sacramentos de la iniciación cristiana realizan la introducción del creyente en el misterio personal de Dios. El hombre recibe el don de la vida divina y la acoge conformándose a Cristo. Esa acogida conlleva una transformación de su existencia en el proceso de identificación con Cristo. En este artículo se intenta mostrar que el proceso de la conversión del hombre es la misma iniciación cristiana y se abordan algunas dificultades (...) para su vivencia en el contexto actual. (shrink)